Friday 16 December 2011

History of cricket

The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Growth of Test cricket


Sid Barnes, traps Lala Amarnath lbw in the first official Test between Australia and India at the MCG in 1948
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh.


Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932–33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.

Suspension of South Africa (1970–91)

See also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981
The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that time was probably the strongest in the world.

Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for whom a blacklisting would have little effect.

The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.

World Series Cricket

See also: World Series Cricket
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.

Limited-overs cricket

In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.

Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.

The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after One-day Internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part.

Increasing use of technology

Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative techniques that were originally introduced for coverage of LOI matches was soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.

In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate runout appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. As yet, the third umpire is not called upon to adjudicate lbw appeals, although there is a virtual reality tracking technology (i.e., Hawk-Eye) that is approaching perfection in predicting the course of a delivery.

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Show21st-century cricket

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ShowReferences

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History of cricket

History of cricket

The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.

ShowEarly cricket

Show18th-century cricket

Show19th-century cricket

Hide20th-century cricket

Growth of Test cricket


Sid Barnes, traps Lala Amarnath lbw in the first official Test between Australia and India at the MCG in 1948
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh.


Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932–33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.

Suspension of South Africa (1970–91)

See also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981
The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that time was probably the strongest in the world.

Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for whom a blacklisting would have little effect.

The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.

World Series Cricket

See also: World Series Cricket
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.

Limited-overs cricket

In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.

Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.

The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after One-day Internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part.

Increasing use of technology

Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative techniques that were originally introduced for coverage of LOI matches was soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.

In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate runout appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. As yet, the third umpire is not called upon to adjudicate lbw appeals, although there is a virtual reality tracking technology (i.e., Hawk-Eye) that is approaching perfection in predicting the course of a delivery.

↑Jump back a section
Show21st-century cricket

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ShowReferences

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Thursday 8 December 2011

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08 Dec, 2011WI vs IND - 4th Odi
11 Dec, 2011WI vs IND - 5th Odi

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01 Jan, 1970 vs -

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01 Jan, 1970 vs -
Cricket Legend
Michael Hussey
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Five reasons why England don't win ODIs in India ....
Champions League T20 2011 Mumbai Indians win Champions League T20
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2nd Test: Australia v New Zealand at Hobart - Dec 9-13, 2011
Match scheduled to begin at 10:30 local time (23:30 GMT)
Live scorecard | Article index (4)

One-Day Internationals
4th ODI: India v West Indies at Indore - Dec 8, 2011
India 418/5 (50 ov); West Indies 201/8 (38.4 ov)
KAJ Roach 7* D Ramdin 59* RA Jadeja 9.4-2-34-2 R Ashwin 8-0-43-1
West Indies require another 218 runs with 2 wickets and 11.2 overs remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Commentary | Report | Article index (8) | Photo index (16) | Hawk-Eye | Wagon wheel | Manhattan | Worm

CSA Provincial Three-Day Challenge
Western Province v South Western Districts at Cape Town - Dec 8-10, 2011
South Western Districts 211; Western Province 39/3
MQ Adams 4* MD Walters 10* DDG Baartman 5.1-1-11-1 P Fojela 2-2-0-0
Western Province trail by 172 runs with 7 wickets remaining in the 1st innings
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Commentary

Quaid-e-Azam Trophy Division Two
Final: Peshawar v Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited at Peshawar - Dec 8-12, 2011
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited 202; Peshawar 85/2
Mohammad Fayyaz 43* Sajjad Ahmed 1* Bilawal Bhatti 4-0-35-2 Yasir Shah 4-1-10-0
Stumps - Peshawar trail by 117 runs with 8 wickets remaining in the 1st innings
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard

Ranji Trophy Elite
Group B: Baroda v Gujarat at Vadodara - Dec 6-9, 2011
Baroda 203 and 330; Gujarat 169
FD Bhaja 21* SD Vohra 16* JB Karia 9.5-3-12-2 MS Patel 12-4-32-2
Stumps - Baroda lead by 364 runs with 0 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group B: Bengal v Tamil Nadu at Kolkata - Dec 6-9, 2011
Tamil Nadu 391; Bengal 176 and 163/4 (f/o)
SC Ganguly 28* LR Shukla 50* VY Mahesh 10.1-4-31-2 J Kaushik 12-4-51-1
Stumps - Bengal trail by 52 runs with 6 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group B: Madhya Pradesh v Delhi at Indore - Dec 6-9, 2011
Delhi 158 and 296; Madhya Pradesh 156 and 240/5
UA Birla 26* Harpreet Singh 5* A Nehra 14-5-51-0 R Bhatia 11-4-30-3
Stumps - Madhya Pradesh require another 59 runs with 5 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group A: Orissa v Karnataka at Bhubaneswar - Dec 6-9, 2011
Karnataka 278 and 169/6; Orissa 255
Amit Verma 38* SN Raju 12* SK Jena 14-5-33-1 DR Behera 4-0-16-0
Stumps - Karnataka lead by 192 runs with 4 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group A: Rajasthan v Punjab at Jaipur - Dec 6-9, 2011
Punjab 597/8d; Rajasthan 321/4
RR Parida 71* R Bist 104* Harmeet Singh 24.2-8-56-2 B Brainder Sran 28-6-98-1
Stumps - Rajasthan trail by 276 runs with 6 wickets remaining in the 1st innings
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group A: Saurashtra v Mumbai at Rajkot - Dec 6-9, 2011
Saurashtra 580/9d; Mumbai 360 and 3/0 (f/o)
KR Pawar 1* SH Marathe 0* KR Makvana 1-0-1-0 JD Unadkat 1-1-0-0
Stumps - Mumbai trail by 217 runs with 10 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (3) | Photo index (1)

Group A: Uttar Pradesh v Railways at Ghaziabad - Dec 6-8, 2011
Railways 374; Uttar Pradesh 79 and 201 (f/o)
Railways won by an innings and 94 runs
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Ranji Trophy Plate League
Group A: Andhra v Vidarbha at Cuddapah - Dec 6-9, 2011
Vidarbha 382; Andhra 192/3
DB Prasanth 80* AG Pradeep 82* SB Wagh 21-5-48-2 SR Singh 14-7-25-0
Stumps - Andhra trail by 190 runs with 7 wickets remaining in the 1st innings
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group B: Assam v Maharashtra at Guwahati - Dec 6-9, 2011
Assam 279 and 80/3; Maharashtra 244
Tarjinder Singh 35* G Sharma 5* SM Fallah 7-2-12-0 Domnic Joseph 0-0-0-0
Stumps - Assam lead by 115 runs with 7 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group B: Hyderabad (India) v Jammu & Kashmir at Hyderabad (Deccan) - Dec 6-9, 2011
Hyderabad (India) 311 and 23/0; Jammu & Kashmir 365
TL Suman 4* DB Ravi Teja 14* S Beigh 1-0-1-0 Parvez Rassol 2-1-12-0
Stumps - Hyderabad (India) trail by 31 runs with 10 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group B: Jharkhand v Goa at Jamshedpur - Dec 6-9, 2011
Jharkhand 218 and 204; Goa 189 and 62/1
RS D'Souza 28* VS Kamath 30* R Mishra 1-1-0-0 SS Quadri 6-1-22-0
Stumps - Goa require another 172 runs with 9 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard

Group A: Kerala v Himachal Pradesh at Kannur - Dec 6-9, 2011
Himachal Pradesh 452/8d; Kerala 249/7
RV Gomez 51* P Prasanth 22* Gurvinder Singh 17-6-30-3 J Mehta 11-1-40-0
Stumps - Kerala trail by 203 runs with 3 wickets remaining in the 1st innings
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Group A: Tripura v Services at Agartala - Dec 6-9, 2011
Tripura 242 and 227; Services 253 and 23/1
Jasvir Singh 10* RS Paliwal 10* Rana Dutta 2-2-0-1 TK Chanda 2-0-11-0
Stumps - Services require another 194 runs with 9 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (2)

Sheffield Shield
17th Match: Western Australia v South Australia at Perth - Dec 5-8, 2011
South Australia 93 and 289; Western Australia 368 and 16/0
Western Australia won by 10 wickets
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (4)

18th Match: New South Wales v Tasmania at Canberra - Dec 6-9, 2011
Tasmania 392 and 272/0d; New South Wales 264 and 13/0
PA Jaques 5* NJ Maddinson 1* XJ Doherty 2-1-2-0 JM Bird 2-1-4-0
Stumps - New South Wales require another 388 runs with 10 wickets remaining
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard | Report | Article index (3)

Asian Cricket Council Twenty20 Cup
Group A: Maldives v Oman at Lalitpur - Dec 8, 2011
Oman 147/6 (20/20 ov); Maldives 93/4 (20/20 ov)
Oman won by 54 runs
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard

Group B: Saudi Arabia v United Arab Emirates at Kirtipur - Dec 8, 2011
United Arab Emirates 168/8 (20/20 ov); Saudi Arabia 115 (19.2/20 ov)
United Arab Emirates won by 53 runs
Live scorecard | Desktop scorecard